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Black box
In science, computing, and engineering, a black box is a device, system or object which can be viewed in terms of its inputs and outputs (or transfer characteristics), without any knowledge of its internal workings. Its implementation is "opaque" (black). Almost anything might be referred to as a black box: a transistor, algorithm, or the human brain.
The opposite of a black box is a system where the inner components or logic are available for inspection, which is most commonly referred to as a white box (sometimes also known as a "clear box" or a "glass box").
==History==
The modern term "black box" seems to have entered the English language around 1945. In electronic circuit theory the process of network synthesis from transfer functions, which led to electronic circuits being regarded as "black boxes" characterized by their response to signals applied to their ports, can be traced to Wilhelm Cauer who published his ideas in their most developed form in 1941.〔Cauer, Wilhelm; ''Theorie der linearen Wechselstromschaltungen'', Vol.I, Akademische Verlags-Gesellschaft Becker und Erler, Leipzig, 1941.〕 Although Cauer did not himself use the term, others who followed him certainly did describe the method as black-box analysis.〔Cauer, Emil; Mathis, Wolfgang; and Pauli, Rainer; "Life and Work of Wilhelm Cauer (1900 – 1945)", ''Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Symposium of Mathematical Theory of Networks and Systems (MTNS2000)'', p4, Perpignan, June, 2000. (Retrieved online ) 19 September 2008.〕 Vitold Belevitch〔Belevitch, Vitold; "Summary of the history of circuit theory", ''Proceedings of the IRE'', vol 50, Iss 5, pp. 848-855, May 1962.〕 puts the concept of black-boxes even earlier, attributing the explicit use of two-port networks as black boxes to Franz Breisig in 1921 and argues that 2-terminal components were implicitly treated as black-boxes before that.
In cybernetics, a full treatment was given by Ross Ashby in 1956.〔Ashby, W. Ross; ''An introduction to cybernetics'', London: Chapman & Hall, 1956, chapter 6: ''The black box'', pp. 86117.〕 A black box was described by Norbert Wiener in 1961 as an unknown system that was to be identified using the techniques of system identification.〔Wiener, Norbert; ''Cybernetics: or the Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine'', MIT Press, 1961, ISBN 0-262-73009-X, page xi〕 He saw the first step in self-organization as being to be able to copy the output behavior of a black box.
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